Position paper for Mozambique
| Committee: | GA First |
| Topic: | Reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours |
| Paper text: | |
| Since the 1950s, the United Nations has been working to combat threats posed by the
exploration of space. As this is an ever-evolving topic as space exploration and technology
continue to develop, international law must as well. Some legal framework already exists.
The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of
Outer Space including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies of 1967 set standards for
international cooperation as space technology began to develop – the placement of any
kind of nuclear weapons or any other weapons of mass destruction is prohibited, and
exploration and use of outer space must be carried out in the interest of all states.
The Republic of Mozambique strongly supports all efforts to reduce space threats through norms and principles of behavior. As a participant of the OEWG, Mozambique is heavily involved in discussions related to this topic. In 2022, Mozambique voted in favor of a UN resolution that focuses on the prevention of conflict in outer space. Though Mozambique does not have a dedicated space program, they are involved in several space initiatives. In May 2025 several satellites were tested as part of the “Internet for All by 2030” program. The program aims to bring internet access to rural areas and overcome the financial barriers that might otherwise slow network expansion in these regions. Network infrastructure not only brings connectivity to regions, but also opens up access to education, technology, and more. Moving forward, Mozambique encourages fellow Member States to reaffirm their commitment to previous resolutions such as Resolution A/RES/75/36, and to focus on peaceful development and use of space rather than the militarization of it. As space technology and exploration continues to develop, Member States should keep in mind that the purpose of these developments is to benefit all states and peoples. | |
| Committee: | GA First |
| Topic: | The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects |
| Paper text: | |
| The illicit trade of small arms and light weapons (SALW) continues to be a severe threat for
achieving peace, stability and development in many countries around the world, including
in Mozambique. The uncontrolled sale and usage of such weapons can only cause more
conflicts and more criminal activities, making it harder to build lasting peace and security.
Recognizing these challenges, Mozambique has been actively engaged in both national
and international initiatives, so that the prevention and eradication of this illicit trade can
be possible.
Mozambique is a signatory to the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in all its Aspects (PoA). This framework has been instrumental in guiding the country’s national strategies. Thanks to the PoA, Mozambique has improved its small arms regulations, strengthened stockpile management, ensured proper making of weapons and enhanced cooperation in tracing and information sharing. Moreover, Mozambique regularly conducts public awareness campaigns, seminars and workshops in order to promote a responsible behavior and raise awareness about the dangers of illicit arms proliferation. Focusing on the actions taken within the country, Mozambique works very closely with the Southern African Police Chief’s Regional Cooperation Organization (SARPCCO) to coordinate all actions related to the prevention and combat of trafficking in small arms and light weapons in the subregion of the Southern African Development Community. The country also cooperated with INTERPOL to address transnational organized crime linked to the illicit trade of small arms and light weapons. Despite all these advancements, Mozambique remains deeply concerned about this matter which continues to put in danger global peace and safety. Moving forward, Mozambique calls for a stronger cooperation from all the countries around the world, increasing support for the countries that need it the most and a renewed commitment by all member states to fully implement the Programme of Action and eliminate the flow of illicit arms worldwide. | |
| Committee: | GA Second |
| Topic: | Role of the United Nations in promoting development in the context of globalization and interdependence |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Mozambique believes that developing countries benefit greatly from the
assistance of other countries to achieve self-sustainability. The Republic of Mozambique
has focused heavily in the past on developing its economy and putting the power in its
private sector. Many developing countries simply cannot afford to develop their own
infrastructure and must rely on assistance from developed countries. For example,
Mozambique is heavily dependent on donor support for many of its development needs.
In 2022, Mozambique received over $800 million from the United States alone.
The Republic of Mozambique believes that these forms of assistance are crucial to the development of countries; however, the UN must focus on establishing regulations to ensure these contributions are made fairly and spent accordingly. Along with the large loan from the US, Mozambique established the PAE (Pacote de Medidas de Aceleração Econômica), an economic acceleration stimulus package focused on empowering the private sector. Since then, Mozambique has made many crucial developments, which include improvements such as crucial tax reform measures and policies to improve the business environment, transparency, and governance. However, without the assistance of the US, these developments would not have been possible. Mozambique does not believe these countries should just be giving away money to countries in need. Through these developments, these countries should work to reach self-sustainability, but they should also be able to pay back these loans. The UN should focus on establishing well-balanced and regulated forgivable loan programs and fair trade agreements between all countries. When a UN member contributes to the needs of another, it is vital for these contributions to be reciprocated. Through forgivable loans and fiscal recalibrations of funds, countries can receive what they need while also being held accountable for the loan. These funds should be focused on completing the Sustainable Development Goals. Proper regulation should be implemented to allow every country to participate in fair trade both internationally and domestically. The end goal for every country is to reach self-sustainability. When these developing countries can eventually fund themselves, they will be able to pay off their debt and eventually contribute to other countries in need. The Republic of Mozambique strongly believes that in order to achieve interdependence and globalization, the UN must encourage the assistance of smaller countries. Not every country is given the same ability to grow and develop, so it is the job of every country to assist one another in reaching these goals. | |
| Committee: | GA Second |
| Topic: | Protection of global climate for present and future generations of humankind |
| Paper text: | |
| The Republic of Mozambique is in an especially vulnerable position when it comes to the
protection of the country from climate change, and the negative effects have already been
vast across the nation. As one of the most disadvantaged nations Mozambique is also one
of the nations most heavily impacted by natural disasters and experiences about five
major events per year (ACAPS 2025) those being floods, droughts and cyclones which will
continue to worsen with the climate warming over time even rapidly each year. Also as
much of the coastal area is below sea level (UNDP 2024) floods exacerbate homelessness
and poverty, and will continue to worsen without the proper resources, infrastructure, or
slow in climate change. The warning systems in place for these natural disasters are also
very lackluster allowing for many citizens not having the time or money to temporarily
relocate. It is very possible that without massive change Mozambique will have 1.6 million
people in poverty by 2050 (World Bank Group 2023)
One of the biggest implementations that Mozambique has been trying to add is better notification of natural disasters to citizens. Along with that our nation has put more emphasis on improving the infrastructure to avoid home and property loss especially (CCA 2025). The World Bank has allocated funds as well as allies in order to achieve a more resilient nation and economy. NGOs are vital to the progression of protection for the people of Mozambique against climate issues in the present and future. UNICEF has been a major force in working to improve the living conditions of citizens and helping to rebuild structures lost in natural disasters. (European Society of Medicine 2025). Organizations such as CREWS are also working to improve the coverage of national alert systems to keep those in danger better informed. As a nation, we the Republic of Mozambique stress the importance of resources to help combat the effects of climate change and not exasperating any problems for the future generations. We believe that it is vital for our people that resources and funds are allocated to Mozambique by outside allies as well as NGOs. Also, as a global issue, climate change as a whole getting under control with resolutions between nations would be entirely beneficial in the longevity of our country as well as the longevity and survival of all other nations and providing protection for our future generations. We propose Mozambique be one of the UN’s top priorities to improve the conditions of our very overlooked nation. | |
| Committee: | GA Third |
| Topic: | Universal realization of the right of peoples to self-determination |
| Paper text: | |
| Since their independence from Portugal in 1974, Mozambique has supported people’s
right to self-determination, recognizing their own political status without the heavy
influence of force and violence. The civil war in Mozambique (1977-1992) between the
FRELIMO and the rebel group RENAMO was about what type of political society that
Mozambique should be run as. This 15-year-long war resulted in a peace agreement made
between FRELIMO and RENAMO (Momodu, 2018). The peace agreement was supervised
by the United Nations and resulted in the creation of ONUMUZ (Onumoz, 2001). This
agreement was a meaningful step forward moving Mozambique from a single-party state
into a multi-party democracy, giving the people the right to voice their opinions and
choose who is elected based on their political beliefs.
Currently, Mozambique strives to maintain peace with the peoples’ rights when it comes to their role in being governed. After the most recent election of the new head of state in 2024, violent protests broke out as a result of the opposition party accusing the FRELIMO party of election fraud (African News, 2025). To address the violence and political unrest, the parliament created the Inclusive National Dialogue Law which was implemented to maintain peace in the nation. This law aims to help get rid of fraud in elections and allow the peoples’ votes to actually be heard by building institutions to fight back fraud and money laundering. In order to help maintain a “stable political environment,” (Jamal, 2025). Mozambique puts the people’s interest first by building more trust. To accomplish this, Mozambique plans to further increase their credibility in governing the people and to build more on its stability (African News, 2025). The realization of self-determination for the people of Mozambique has always been in the interest of this government to maintain the rights of the people's political belief, and the safety of speaking out for it. Mozambique’s goal is to be in the people’s interests, protect their human rights, and uplift their voices in the legislature. To give the needed transparency and build trust between people and the government in this democracy, it will be essential that Mozambique continue to maintain the relationship between the government and the people. Moving forward, Mozambique will continue to build transparency in the government by protecting the relationship of the people with the government and ensure there is more stability to the people’s own political status. | |
| Committee: | GA Third |
| Topic: | Improvement of the situation of women and girls in rural areas |
| Paper text: | |
| Globally, one in ten women lives in extreme poverty (UN Women, 2024). Women and girls
in rural areas struggle disproportionately, partially due to a lack of resources such as
education, financial credit, technology, and land rights (United Nations, 2024.). In
Mozambique, 61% of the population lives in rural areas, making the issues facing women
and girls in these areas of significant importance (World Bank Group, 2025). Without a
concentrated international effort, the United Nations estimates that full gender equality
may take close to 300 years to be achieved (2022). Mozambique recognizes the
importance of supporting women and girls, particularly those in rural areas, and is
dedicated to building safe communities and opportunities for economic and social
empowerment (UN Women, 2022).
One issue facing women and girls in Mozambique is child marriage, with 53% of girls marrying before the age of 18. To address this issue, the Mozambique Ministry of Education and Human Development and Ministry of Gender, Child, and Social Action have collaborated with UNICEF, UNFPA, and other international organizations in technology- based, women-empowering interventions (UNICEF, 2023). In Mozambique, 16.4% of women and girls aged 15-49 years reported experiencing physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner (UN Women, n.d.). By working with UN Women and the European Union, Mozambique has implemented “models of mobile courts and justice mechanisms to increase women and girls’ access to justice in more remote areas” (UN Women, 2022). Other challenges facing women and girls include a lack of access to education and healthcare, as well as a prevalence of discrimination and gender-based violence. For example, less than 15% of all landholders are women, negatively impacting a woman’s ability to achieve financial security and freedom (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2018). All these issues are further exacerbated by the violence taking place in Cabo Delgado (International Crisis Group, n.d.). “Only 19 percent of Mozambique’s 2025 Humanitarian Response Plan has been funded”, negatively impacting agencies’ ability to serve affected individuals. Understanding the issues facing women and girls in rural areas is necessary in being able to address the concerns, which is why Mozambique believes it is vital to continue to gather data on these problems. Furthermore, Mozambique is prepared to continue collaborating with UN Women, UNICEF, and other relevant agencies and organizations in working to improve the condition of women and girls in rural areas. | |
| Committee: | GA Plenary |
| Topic: | Our ocean, our future, our responsibility |
| Paper text: | |
| The ocean is essential to our future and covers three-quarters of the Earth's surface. The
ocean is a vital natural resource; it acts as a carbon sink, breaking down waste and
pollution. UN Sustainable Development Goals are to conserve and sustainably use the
oceans, seas, and marine resources. Marine pollution is reaching extreme levels, with over
17 million metric tons polluting the ocean in 2021, and is estimated to double or triple by
2040. Ocean heat is at record levels, causing marine heatwaves that are killing coral reefs
around the world and threatening other ecosystems.
The Republic of Mozambique is a permanent representative to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and has been a member state since 1975. The UNEP mission is to inform, enable, and inspire nations and peoples to improve their quality of life while safeguarding the environment for future generations. In 2022, the UNEP was working in the Greater Maputo Region to reduce the vulnerability of current and future climate risks. The Climate Risk Index found that in 2019, Mozambique was reported as the country most affected by climate change globally. The President of Mozambique has reaffirmed the country's commitment to protect 30% of its land and sea by 2030. Placing emphasis on marine biodiversity for sustainable development. Mozambique has signed onto international environmental agreements, such as the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, and the Montreal Protocol on Ozone Layer Protection. Mozambique would urge countries to work towards the Sustainable Development Goals, which were created by the UN to end poverty, reduce inequality, and build more peaceful and prosperous societies, ensuring that both people and the planet are not left behind. Mozambique is open to collaborating with countries to benefit the world by addressing climate change issues. The first action that needs to be taken is focusing on the enormous amounts of plastic within our oceans and the harm being caused to the oceanic environment. | |
| Committee: | GA Plenary |
| Topic: | Strengthening of the coordination of emergency humanitarian assistance of the United Nations |
| Paper text: | |
| As defined by the UN, humanitarian aid is material or logistical assistance provided in
response to humanitarian crises, with the objective of saving lives, alleviating suffering,
and maintaining human dignity. Humanitarian aid can come as direct assistance, indirect
assistance, or infrastructure support. The main issue facing humanitarian aid efforts
currently is decreased funding, particularly from the United States. As funding remains a
pressing issue, it is crucial to focus on appropriately coordinating aid efforts so as to
efficiently use very limited resources.
The Republic of Mozambique has engaged with humanitarian aid efforts in the past, such as the United Nations Operation in Mozambique (OMUNOZ): a peacekeeping mission that took place from December 1992 to December 1994, which intended to monitor and verify a ceasefire in Mozambique following the Mozambican Civil War. However, since then, Mozambique has dealt with substantial humanitarian crises, namely with handling an insurrection in the northern province of Cabo Delgado that began in 2017. As of August 2025, with a Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan (HNRP) in place, as well as the assistance of the Mozambique Drought Appeal and the Tropical Cyclones Flash Appeal, Mozambique is still severely underfunded for handling humanitarian crises. In March 2025, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) launched the Humanitarian Reset, which was meant to assist people in crisis while simultaneously putting a system in place that can last and be fit to handle future crises more efficiently. Along with having the Reset in place to ascertain how to most effectively pool and use resources, it would be immensely beneficial to urge influential countries, including the United States, to consider reallocating funding to assist with crises. Furthermore, increased funding from these countries would benefit countries labeled as lower priority that cannot be properly funded by the UN, as the most significant funding goes to higher priority countries. | |
| Committee: | IAEA |
| Topic: | Nuclear security |
| Paper text: | |
| Fifty-seven years ago, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was open to be signed
and ratified by the United Nations (UN); however, the threat of nuclear weapons remains
ever present. While the Republic of Mozambique does not possess nuclear weapons or
the infrastructure for nuclear power, it is deeply aware of the threat that they pose. In
today’s unstable geopolitical climate, and amid rising geopolitical tensions, the possibility
of a nuclear incident remains of utmost concern. The devastating impact of nuclear
weapons on the environment, humanity, and the pursuit of peace reinforces
Mozambique’s opposition to their use.
Mozambique firmly believes that complete eradication of nuclear weapons is the only way to prevent nuclear attacks and promote global stability. Fellow African delegations have been fostering substantial cooperation; as seen by the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba), which has been signed by all African countries. Furthermore, Mozambique has remained steadfast to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW). On September 19th, 2023, Mozambique voted to approve the resolution that advanced the TPNW to the last stage of ratification within the Republic. With increased tensions world wide, the Republic of Mozambique advocates for all delegations to reaffirm their commitments to disarmament and the further implementation of practices dedicated to decreasing the presence of nuclear weapons within our world. Additionally, Mozambique encourages renewed dialogue, the strengthening of existing treaties, and the continued pursuit of diplomatic solutions. It is important to remember that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is the best available agency to keep the world safe; therefore, cooperation with the IAEA safeguards is a top priority. The Republic reemphasizes that the success of global security hinges on deterrence through cooperation, transparency, and trust. Mozambique supports a unilateral investment in international monitoring systems and IAEA verification measures to ensure compliance with non-proliferation norms. | |
| Committee: | IAEA |
| Topic: | Strengthening the Agency's activities related to nuclear science, technology and applications |
| Paper text: | |
| Since the founding of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), countries across the
world—allies and rivals alike—have come together in an attempt to establish and
promote the peaceful development of nuclear science: a truly admirable endeavor. The
Republic of Mozambique does not possess nuclear power infrastructure or nuclear
weapons; however, it recognizes the irrefutable benefits presented by nuclear technology.
Nuclear science is integral to medical treatment and diagnoses, energy production, and
even food safety and testing. In the contemporary, and increasingly interconnected,
world, the equitable sharing of nuclear knowledge remains integral to bridging the gaps
between developed and developing nations.
Mozambique has had the opportunity to develop nuclear sciences, and has witnessed the benefits of peaceful nuclear applications firsthand. From improving crop resilience to advancing diagnostic capabilities in rural areas, the use of nuclear technology has the ability to transform lives and entire national infrastructures. The Republic acknowledges, however, that acquiring nuclear technology can pose significant risks, and actualizing the full potential requires consistent cooperation with IAEA safeguards, technical training, and substantial infrastructure development across the globe. Therefore, Mozambique calls for a renewal of commitment to and a reinforcement of the IAEA’s safeguards and guidelines. The Republic advocates for an increased investment in education on nuclear sciences and technologies, as well as workforce development. Such reallocations of a nation’s efforts would better ensure that all member states can cultivate expertise in nuclear fields. Looking toward other possible solutions, Mozambique supports expansions of regional research centers that can coordinate projects addressing Africa’s unique environmental and health challenges; information that could potentially prove beneficial to other nations outside of Africa as well. Mozambique chooses to envision a future where innovation can bring about growth for every nation. There is a future in which the power of science is guided by and built upon the principles of shared responsibility, equity, and peace. | |
| Committee: | SC-B |
| Topic: | The Situation in the Sudans |
| Paper text: | |
| In early April of 2019, Sudan removed Omar Al-Bashir from his presidential position. This
was done with the intention that the Sudanese military would govern the country until fair
elections could occur. Al-Bashir was removed via two military groups that were under his
control: the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). Between
the two forces, conflicts arose and violence occurred. Famine and diseases have been
spreading quickly. Millions are being uprooted from their homes. Both parties have been
utilizing children for war and targeting civilians rather than finding a solution.
The Republic of Mozambique has not officially aligned itself with the SAF or the RSF. However, Mozambique is in favor of creating a fair political framework for Sudan. The Republic of Mozambique believes that this issue does not follow Sudan's prior agreement and commitment to the Juba Peace Agreement, whose goal was to find a shared power for the people in the nations of South Sudan and Sudan. The Republic of Mozambique also believes that both the SAF and RSF have internal and external factors in this dispute, and those factors need to be held accountable once the dispute is resolved. An external factor affecting the United Arab Emirates is supporting the Rapid Support Forces. In recent history, Mozambique has voted in support of a one-year extension of Sudan's sanctions as support for Sudan's ability to find a common ground. Mozambique urges that other African countries and the United Nations work with both the Rapid Support Forces and the Sudanese Armed Forces to create a fair political framework. Mozambique also urges the United Nations to take a stance on finding long-term stability for the economic gaps and social disputes in Sudan. A peaceful solution that Mozambique supports is following through with the initial plan of having a fair presidential election. In conclusion The Republic of Mozambique emphasizes the importance of both the RSF and the SAF cooperating to find a fair solution regarding the safety and foundational aspects of Sudanese culture. | |
| Committee: | SC-B |
| Topic: | The Situation in the Middle East, Including the Palestinian Question |
| Paper text: | |
| On October 7th, 2023, the Islamic militant group Hamas launched an attack on Israel from
Gaza, which resulted in 1,400 Israelis killed and 251 hostages taken. This fueled a feud that
has lasted more than a century, with Israel countering back with heavy aerial
bombardments throughout Gaza. This has resulted in mass famine throughout the Gaza
Strip. The World Food Program (WFP) reports problems with delivering supplies to the Gaza
Strip because of a blockade by Israel.
Since the beginning of this conflict, Mozambique has been advocating for an immediate ceasefire and allowing aid to go through for the Palestinians in Gaza. We voted in favor of Resolution 2728 (2024), which demanded a ceasefire in Gaza during the month of Ramadan. We support the role of the UNRWA and other UN agencies providing relief to this conflict and urge for the end of the blockade. However, the Security Council cannot achieve these goals because of the five seats that hold the power to veto resolutions, even during cases of clear violations of international humanitarian laws, such as in the case of Gaza. Since the start of the conflict, the United States has vetoed six draft resolutions that have demanded an immediate ceasefire and the return of the hostages. To limit unnecessary civilian casualties, we demand an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and the safe and unimpeded delivery of food, water, and medical supplies to the Palestinians in that area. The Security Council must act in a way that creates more unity within the region and we will continue to work with other delegates to develop a diplomatic solution to uphold human rights. | |
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