Position paper for Historical Security Council of 1994
| Country: | Argentina |
| Topic: | The Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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| Background The dissolution of Yugoslavia has resulted in a devastating conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This war has led to widespread human suffering, mass displacement, and repeated violations of international humanitarian law. In light of this , the United Nations Security Council responded by establishing the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) to safeguard civilians in designated safe areas. Over time UNPROFOR has been granted more expansive Rules of Engagement (ROE) to successfully fulfil its mandate. Current Situation Attacks on civilians continue to deteriorate humanitarian conditions for every day the conflict continues. The international community faces the dual challenge of addressing immediate humanitarian needs while working toward a resolution of the underlying political disputes driving the violence. Lack of resources and personnel mean that UN Position of Argentina The delegation of Argentina expresses deep concern over the ongoing humanitarian crisis and calls for increased action from the Security Council and the broader international community. Argentina urges the allocation of greater military and humanitarian resources to effectively promote and protect human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Current levels of support are insufficient to safeguard civilians or facilitate a peaceful resolution to the conflict. Recommendations ⢠Increase troop contributions to UNPROFOR to ensure the protection of designated safe areas and civilian populations. ⢠Expand humanitarian assistance, including food, medical supplies, and shelter for displaced persons. ⢠Continue to monitor and report violations of international humanitarian law, holding perpetrators accountable. | |
| Country: | Argentina |
| Topic: | Peacekeeping and the United Nations |
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| Background Established in 1946, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) was given 4 mandates: to maintain international security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to cooperate in solving international problems and promoting respect for human rights, and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations. However, the structure of the council and the tensions surrounding the Cold War meant that the council was often hamstrung in its ability to accomplish its mandate. Many of the threats to international security and human rights law have come from the With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 the security council has become freer to act in line with its mandate. In pursuit of this goal, this body has established several peacekeeping missions in the last 3 years. Current Situation Currently, there are 3 notable peacekeeping missions at the time of writing: United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, United Nations Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR), and United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNISOM II). UNPROFORâs mandate is to protect designated safe zones for civilians. UNAMIRâs mandate is to assist Rwanda in its peace process, following a long ethnically driven civil war. UNISOM IIâs mandate is to provide a secure environment for humanitarian assistance âby all necessary meansâ. Despite the noble goals of these peacekeeping missions, they have oft been marred by lack of funding and troop allocation. In addition, peacekeepers are often restricted by Rules of Engagement (ROE) that are not fit to the situations they are put in. Argentinaâs Position Argentina strongly believes in the mandates of the UNSC. We also strongly believe that the peacekeeping missions should reflect the highest ideals of the United Nations. In light of this, Argentina calls for the international community at large to renew their funding and troop allocation to active peacekeeping operations. Additionally, the international community should continue to actively monitor areas of instability around the world and be prepared to spend the resources necessary to restore security and stability should the need arise. Recommendations ⢠Renew funding and troop allocation for extant peacekeeping missions ⢠Continue actively monitor areas of instability around the world ⢠Remain ready to act decisively to protect human rights and peace | |
| Country: | Argentina |
| Topic: | The Situation in Rwanda |
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| Background Since independence in 1961, the Republic of Rwanda has faced enduring and profound divisions between the Tutsi minorityâhistorically identified as the nationâs monarchic leadershipâand the Hutu majority. Colonial administration initially institutionalized these divisions, which have been further intensified by successive Rwandan governments. Consequently, a significant segment of the Tutsi populace has sought refuge in neighboring states, particularly in Uganda. In exile, members of the Tutsi community established the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). In late 1990, the RPF initiated an incursion into Rwanda from Ugandan territory, seeking to address the grievances of displaced Tutsis and challenge the government in Kigali. Following intervention by French forces, the RPF was compelled to retreat to the Ugandan border. Several intermittent clashes between the RPF and the Rwandan government have occurred since. In August of last year, both parties entered into a power-sharing agreement known as the Arusha Accords. In order to support the implementation and monitoring of these accords, both the RPF and the Rwandan government requested the assistance of the United Nations. In pursuit of this, established the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR). Current Situation Overall, UNAMIR has played a constructive role in facilitating the peaceful transition of authority to the Broad Based Transitional Government (BBTG). The missionâs presence has enabled the orderly withdrawal of French forces from Kigali, thereby reducing external influence and supporting Rwandaâs sovereignty. Nevertheless, there remain concerns regarding the adequacy of UNAMIRâs current mandate and troop levels to effectively deter or respond to potential widespread conflict in the region. With just 1,300 personnel deployedâbarely exceeding half of the missionâs authorized strengthâthe limited contributions from member states pose a significant challenge to UNAMIRâs operational capacity. Position of Argentina The Delegation of Argentina reaffirms its steadfast support for the mandate and ongoing efforts of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR). Argentina recognizes the positive contributions UNAMIR has made toward the peaceful transition of authority and the implementation of the Arusha Accords. However, we express concern regarding inadequate personnel allocation to UNAMIR, which may undermine the missionâs capacity to effectively fulfill its mandate. We support the continuation of the peace process and advocates for a timely and peaceful transition to the Broad Based Transitional Government in accordance with international law. In light of these considerations, Argentina strongly endorses the upcoming vote to renew UNAMIRâs mandate in April and urges this Council to consider increasing the authorized troop strength to ensure that UNAMIR is adequately equipped to meet its objectives. Proposed Solutions ⢠Renew UNAMIR in the upcoming vote in April 1994 ⢠Expand authorized troop strength of UNAMIR to better ensure its objectives are met ⢠Continue monitoring the situation to ensure a peaceful transition in accordance with international law | |
| Country: | Brazil |
| Topic: | The Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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| As the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina is rapidly deteriorating and the international community may predominantly be remembered for failure to take real action. Now is the time to take action. Safe areas are still under constant attack and bombardment, the people who humanitarian aid is meant to save are the ones who it cannot reach, and the resolutions passed in this very committee remain theoretical and their deployment falls short of their promises, leaving many without tangible change. The international community must join forces to ensure that the end of this tragic war is within sight. That the days off ethnic cleansing is over. In the hopes of the commitment and cooperation of this committee we fully believe that we can end this tragedy. We are committed to ensure that the protection areas under the United Nations name will hold up to the name they have, by ensuring that there are sufficient resources and manpower available to protect them and the humans inside of them. We favor the cooperation of this committee to ensure that the safe delivery of imperative humanitarian aid so desperately awaited will be achieved. In addition we are deeply committed to ensure that accountability for these ethnic cleansing acts must remain at the core of our collective response. We cannot speak about peace while ignoring justice. | |
| Country: | Brazil |
| Topic: | The Situation in Somalia |
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| The situation in Somalia is escalating at an unprecedented speed. As essential partners have begun to disengage from this crisis, a peaceful end to this war needs to be within reach. Attacks on soldiers cannot go on further, soldiers that are sent in the hopes of peace and stability. Somalia must regain its social, economic and political stability sooner than later to put an end to this civil war. It is crucial that we all work in unity and collaboration to spearhead the response to this crisis. We urge that member states do not withdraw their support and participation as it is as essential and necessary as ever. We support the renewal and continuation of the United Nations mission in Somalia with no expiration date until the war is over and safety is ensured. In addition we are deeply committed to ensure that the safe delivery of the imperative humanitarian aid so desperately awaited will be achieved. Furthermore, we favor the approval of the deployment of troops to assist the boots on the ground in bringing stability back to the country. We support open dialogue and talks between the various clan leaders to bring about a peaceful end to this tragedy. If there is a way to end this war with the least amount of casualties then that should remain a priority to this committee. | |
| Country: | Brazil |
| Topic: | Topic 3 |
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| Country: | Djibouti |
| Topic: | Conflict in the Former Yugoslavian Territories |
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| From June 1991, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has been tasked with navigating the armed conflict throughout the former Yugoslavia. In 1993, the UNSC passed Resolution 807 to establish a United Nations Protective Force (UNPROFOR) to maintain peace and distribute humanitarian aid. In the same year, the UNSC voted three times to expand UNPROFOR. The first expansion came in March with resolution 815, extending the UNPROFORâs mandate to the end of June 1. Following this, the UNSC voted to expand UNPROFOR by 7,600 personnel in resolution 8442. The most recent expansion saw the mandate of UNPROFOR further expanded until March 31 of 1994 in resolution 8713. The UNSC has also taken actions to bring violators of international law to justice. In 1993, the UNSC has passed resolution 816 to enforce a no-fly zone over the Bosnian territories, as well as resolution 836 authorizing UNPROFOR to use force to protect âsafe areas.â The Republic of Djibouti strongly supports the UNSCâs actions to relieve the suffering of communities plagued by armed conflict, and as such, has voted in favor of all of these resolutions. The Republic of Djibouti urges the UNSC to pursue actions necessary to bring to justice entities which violate these rights. The âsafe areasâ established by resolution 836 have proved instrumental in providing relief to civilian populations struggling to escape armed conflict. This conflict in the former Yugoslavia is among the most complex that the UNSC has ever had to navigate, but through the efficient distribution of humanitarian relief and the effective use of protective forces, civilian casualties and economic damage can be significantly reduced. The Republic of Djibouti urges the UNSC to act decisively to protect civilian populations from endangered armed conflict, and will continue to support policies that uphold the UNâs mission in protecting the rights of non-combatants and facilitating recovery in communities ravaged by violence. | |
| Country: | Djibouti |
| Topic: | Civil War in Somalia |
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| Since the outbreak of civil war in 1992, the UNSC has played an integral role in providing humanitarian relief to the people of Somalia. For example, in that year, the UNSC established the United Nations Operation for Somalia (UNOSOM) to promote the efficient distribution of humanitarian relief, and to ensure that the signed ceasefire was upheld. UNOSOM II was further expanded by UN Resolution 814 in response to the escalating armed conflict hindering the distribution of humanitarian aid. Regarding violent incursions into UNOSOM-managed humanitarian zones, the UNSC voted unanimously to bring justice against non-state-actors which have targeted and harassed UNOSOM forces. As a neighboring state to Somalia, the Republic of Djibouti strongly supports measures taken by the UNSC and has actively pursued measures to reduce the severity of armed conflict, and to provide humanitarian relief. The armed conflict in Somalia is of utmost importance to the Republic of Djibouti, as providing support for the large number of refugees has put a great strain on public resources. For this reason, Djibouti is highly supportive of the actions which the UNSC has taken to facilitate relief. The Republic of Djibouti urges the UNSC to provide additional relief to both refugees within Somalia and those in neighboring countries. Ultimately, Djibouti will continue to advocate for policies which can help bring relief and peace to Somalia, while bringing to justice entities which have launched unprovoked attacks upon UN security forces. | |
| Country: | Djibouti |
| Topic: | Conflict in Rwanda |
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| For the past year, the humanitarian and security situation in Rwanda has rapidly
deteriorated, and significant actions by the UNSC will be necessary to protect human rights
and promote peace. In March of 1993, the UNSC issued Resolution 812 calling for a ceasefire
between the forces of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandan Patriotic Front which had
been engaged in armed conflict since 1999. This ceasefire was actualized after the signing of
the Arusha Peace Agreement in August of 1993 that began the process of refugee
repatriation, power-sharing, and the overall de-escalation of conflict in Rwanda. Most
recently, the UNSC has passed Resolution 872 to establish a United Nations Assistance
Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) to ensure the enforcement of the Arusha Accords. Djibouti
strongly supports the actions which the UNSC has taken to help restore peace within
Rwanda. As an African nation, the Republic of Djibouti greatly values the measures taken by
the United Nations, as this reduces the risk of indirect spillover conflicts which could bring
instability to a region striving for peace and development. The Republic of Djibouti will
continue to support actions by the UNSC to facilitate bilateral negotiations between the
various Rwandan factions. Through the collective recognition and enforcement of the Arusha
Peace Agreement within the UN Security Council, the international body can possess and
facilitate long term stability in the region.
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| Country: | France |
| Topic: | The Situation in Rwanda |
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| The recent unanimous adoption of Resolution 872, establishing the UN Assistance Mission
for Rwanda (UNAMIR), and Resolution 846, establishing the UN Observer Mission of Uganda-
Rwanda (UNOMUR) demonstrates the Security Councilâs commitment to maintaining peace
and security in the region. The Secretary-Generalâs report on the progress of UNAMIR has
shown promise; however, quelling the unrest in Rwanda continues to prove a challenge,
given the recent violence and persistent mutual tensions.
The French Republic is deeply interested in maintaining peace and stability in Rwanda and the surrounding region. France supports the efforts of UNAMIR and the continuation of the Arusha Peace Agreement. France believes that this mission is vital for the future of Rwanda and is important in maintaining security. Furthermore, France emphasizes that all parties to the Arusha Accords are responsible for upholding the agreement and preventing further violence. The international community also has a duty to provide the necessary resources to ensure UNAMIR's mandate is fulfilled, thereby bringing peace and security to the region. Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali, in the Report of the Secretary-General on Rwanda, states, âI am, however, convinced that, under the present circumstances, a reduction in the projected resource levels would negatively affect the performance and credibility of UNAMIR in the discharge of its mandate. It could also jeopardize the peace process in Rwanda.â France agrees with the Secretary-Generalâs assessment and stresses that successfully implementing the Arusha Accords require the international communityâs support for the efforts of UNAMIR. The French Republic also believes that the establishment of the Broad-Based Transitional Government (BBTG) outlined in the Arusha Accords will aid in bringing lasting peace to Rwanda. | |
| Country: | France |
| Topic: | The Situation in Boznia and Herzegovina |
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| Since the breakup of the former Yugoslavia, the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina has
included many violations of international humanitarian law and the deaths of over 100,000
people. In response to the conflict, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution
743, establishing the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), with subsequent
resolutions expanding its mandate to help deliver humanitarian aid, protect âsafe areasâ,
and use force to fulfill its mandate. However, UNPROFOR continues to experience challenges
in fulfilling its mandate, as it remains below its authorized strength and struggles to secure
adequate funding.
The French Republic is deeply concerned by the humanitarian violations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and firmly believes that the ongoing conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina must come to an end. France has contributed a significant amount of resources and troops to UNPROFOR, and is in full support of this action. France recognizes the importance of the delivery of humanitarian aid and the protection of safe areas, believing it is the responsibility of the international community to ensure that UNPROFOR is successful. Further, the French Republic demands that all parties involved in the conflict comply with UN resolutions and international law. France believes that, in order to achieve peace in the Bosnia and Herzegovina conflict, continued and increased support from the international community is required. France believes that UNPROFOR should be provided with adequate resources and personnel to fulfill its mandate. France is also in support of expanding the mandate of UNPROFOR to improve the protection of humanitarian convoys and to protect safe areas outlined in UN resolutions. The French Republic reaffirms its commitment to establishing peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. France encourages international cooperation to end the conflict, provide humanitarian aid, protect civilians, and uphold international law. | |
| Country: | France |
| Topic: | The Situation in Somalia |
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| Since 1991, Somalia has been ravaged by civil war. A concerning humanitarian crisis has
ensued, created by the breakdown of law, destruction of infrastructure, and severe
drought. In response, the United Nations helped to form a ceasefire agreement, and the
Security Council passed Resolution 751 to establish the United Nations Operation in
Somalia (UNOSOM) to monitor the ceasefire and protect humanitarian aid. Continued
violence led to the Security Council passing Resolution 794, authorizing the use of âall
necessary meansâ to quickly establish secure conditions for humanitarian operations. To
realize this expanded mission, the Security Council created the Unified Task Force (UNITAF),
led by the United States, which successfully improved security for aid delivery. In 1993,
UNITAF was replaced by UNOSOM II under Resolution 814, expanding the mission to
disarm factions and rebuild Somalia. However, violent clashes, including the 1993 Battle of
Mogadishu, have severely hindered peacekeeping and humanitarian progress, and led to
many nations' decision, including France, to withdraw troops.
The French Republic is deeply concerned about the instability and humanitarian crisis in Somalia. France supports UNISOM IIâs efforts and its aims of protecting humanitarian aid, disarmament, the restoration of peace, and the rebuilding of the nationâs infrastructure. However, France recommends that future endeavors in Somalia should be focused on political reconciliation and dialogue between the warring factions, rather than military intervention. France believes the international community should continue to support Somalia through humanitarian aid, diplomatic engagement, and collaborative peacemaking efforts. | |
| Country: | New Zealand |
| Topic: | Peacekeeping and the United Nations |
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| New Zealand is committed to the United Nations (UN) Peacekeeping efforts. Since 1948, when Peacekeeping first began, New Zealand has contributed troops and personnel to over 20 UN Peacekeeping operations, including the UN Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) in Namibia in 1989 and the UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in Yugoslavia in 1992, because we recognize the need for global security and stability. Within the increasingly connected and complex world, there have been numerous challenges to international rules, an emergence of strategic competition, and a rise in major interstate and intrastate conflicts. We continue to support Peacekeeping efforts because there is a need to maintain a rules-based international order. Therefore, UN Peacekeeping operations must prioritize ethical responsibility over strategic interests. UN Security Council (UNSC) Member States must remain neutral and independent during Peacekeeping deliberations for the UNSC to persist as the worldâs prime authority for international peace and security. Before intervening, the UNSC should consider the international legal implications of proposed missions and examine potential alternatives to Peacekeeper presence and force to help fragile or post-conflict Member States. Since the establishment of the UN, Peacekeeping operations have evolved to further address humanitarian crises affecting civilians, rather than employing a centralized focus on conflicting states. This includes the evolution from missions primarily surveilling the status of cease-fire agreements and interstate wars to missions that employ measures of intrastate peacebuilding, civilian support, and establishing peaceful political processes. We believe Peacekeeping must continue to evolve to employ more Peacebuilding missions. Peacebuilding helps states recently ravaged by conflict, such as civil war and terrorism, avoid a relapse into domestic unrest. Peacebuilding utilizes preventative diplomacy, such as mediation and negotiation, strengthening international and state-capacity for conflict prevention, and promoting dialogue between international cultures. New Zealand remains committed to Peacekeeping efforts to maintain international peace and security. | |
| Country: | New Zealand |
| Topic: | The Situation in Rwanda |
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| New Zealand firmly believes that a solution must be sought to address the horrific situation occurring in Rwanda, where fighting and bloodshed have plagued the country for years. The UNSC needs to provide aid to Rwanda to establish sustainable peace within the country and the region. New Zealand supports UNSC Resolution 846 from June 1993, which established the UN Observer Mission between Uganda and Rwanda, and Resolution 891 (1993) to extend the Mission. We hope that this partnership will uncover the underlying causes of the situation and lead to peaceful resolutions. The Arusha Peace Agreement, signed in August 1993, was a first step toward peace in the region. However, within a few months of the signing, a resurgence of conflicts within Rwanda has left over 100,000 dead and hundreds of thousands of people displaced across the country and in surrounding Member States. UNSC Resolution 872 (1993), which established the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), is more critical than ever. The UN needs to institute a strong Peacekeeping presence to maintain peace and reduce the number of deaths and displacements in Rwanda. New Zealand holds that the UNSC needs to remain active, yet neutral, to properly address the atrocities in Rwanda. New Zealand advocates for the strengthening of UNAMIR so that Rwanda can have adequate support to address conflicts that may arise. New Zealand calls for continued UN action to avoid complacency that would inevitably lead to more conflict. The UNSC must leverage multilateral platforms to promote human rights, challenge global complacency, and uphold the moral responsibilities of international governance in Rwanda. We believe that groups must be legally held accountable for their actions. Otherwise, the situation in Rwanda will continue to deteriorate, and many more innocent people will die without UN intervention. | |
| Country: | New Zealand |
| Topic: | The Situation in Somalia |
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| The decline in domestic peace and governmental security within the Somali region following the collapse of the government of Siad Barre and subsequent civil war is an issue that demands immediate attention and prioritization by international peace operations. New Zealand recognizes the importance of upholding human rights, supporting the safe establishment of a secure government in Somalia, and advocating for disarmament in the conflicting region during this time of uncertainty. Following the institution of the UN Operation in Somalia (UNISOM I) in 1992, New Zealand has deployed 62 personnel to protect food convoys in the Somali region. Currently, following UNISOM II (1993), New Zealandâs military personnel have continued delivery of supplies through the Royal New Zealand Army Ordnance Corps and three aircrafts carrying additional supplies in Mogadishu, deployed by New Zealandâs Air Force. Recognizing UNSC Resolutions 794 (1992) and 837 (1993), which allow Member States to take all necessary measures to establish a secure environment for international peace operations in Somalia, New Zealand encourages fellow Member States to offer their support. The need for humanitarian assistance in this region cannot be ignored, and the current aid being supplied is continually under threat. In seeking to create long-term solutions, New Zealand recommends increasing aid distribution point security and calls for ground-level operations assisting in directly supplying civilians with aid. To facilitate the peaceful rebuilding of Somaliaâs central government, New Zealand recommends a multi- faceted approach among Member States in accordance with Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, in order to foster transparent dialogue about maintaining international peace. New Zealand advocates for increased collaboration among Member States to end conflict in the region through disarmament. With Member States working together during this time of uncertainty, we are hopeful that an amicable and peaceful solution to this conflict will be found. | |
| Country: | Nigeria |
| Topic: | The Situation in Somalia |
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| Nigeria is deeply concerned with the collapse of Somalia and the consequences it will cause
throughout Africa. Clan warfare and famine after 1991 have caused millions of people to
suffer. Nigeria helped lead African efforts, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), to
preserve Somali unity and provide aid. In the 1991 OAU Council in Abuja, the Federal
Republic of Nigeria joined a resolution reaffirming âthe indivisibility and territorial integrityâ
of Somalia and calling for urgent humanitarian relief. In 1992, the OAU likewise urged all
factions to observe a ceasefire and to convene an inclusive national reconciliation
conference, while intensifying relief aid.
Nigeria strongly supports a joint UN and OAU approach that is both robust and Somali-led. Our UN Ambassador emphasised that the UN âshould not simply âfold upâ and exit from Somaliaâ, for the credibility of the UN and the higher interests of the Somali people, UNOSOM II must help Somalis overcome their difficulties and rejoin the international community with dignity. Nigeria welcomed the Security Councilâs strict arms embargo on weapons to Somalia and has repeatedly insisted that any withdrawal of troops must not abandon the Somali people. We stress that true peace and governance can only come from the Somali people, with international assistance facilitating dialogue and reconstruction. Nigeria calls for African leadership and coordination with the UN. We will work with the OAUâs Horn of Africa committee to ensure all parties join in peace talks. We urge the Council to focus on securing humanitarian corridors so relief reaches civilians, enforcing the arms embargo to prevent further inflows of weapons, protecting UN/African peacekeepers and aid workers, and supporting Somali-led political reconciliation. Nigeria also notes the strain on neighbouring States from refugee flows and urges the international community to help stabilise those economies. | |
| Country: | Nigeria |
| Topic: | The Situation in Rwanda |
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| Nigeria believes the Rwandan crisis seriously threatens regional stability in Central Africa.
Rwanda has suffered from decades of ethnic conflict and violence between the Hutu and
Tutsi, and the 1990 invasion by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) escalated this conflict,
displacing thousands within the region. Even though the 1993 Arusha Accords have created
an agreed-upon framework for peace, their implementation is still fragile. Security Council
Resolution 872 (1993) established the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
(UNAMIR) to oversee transitional governance and support the security provisions of the
Accords, with limited resources.
Nigeria is committed towards multilateral solutions that work towards peace. We stress the importance of full implementation of the Accords and support for democratic transition in Rwanda. We have consistently supported peacekeeping efforts and draw upon our experiences handling regional instability through the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group. Additionally, we have supported humanitarian discussions in recognizing the strain from the flow of refugees entering neighbouring States. Further, we will continue advocating for international support to agencies such as the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Nigeria recognizes the sovereignty of Rwanda and affirms that the international community cannot ignore continued human rights abuses and ethnic killings. We encourage all Rwandan parties to honor all commitments to the Accords and their guidance in power-sharing, democratic governance, and national reconciliation. African leadership must be at the forefront in resolving African conflicts, in partnership with the UN, and should be supported with the resources to take quick action. UNAMIR must be strengthened through expanding logistical and financial support to ensure UNAMIR can effectively monitor and assist in Rwanda. Early warning mechanisms need to be developed to monitor hate speech and incitement to violence in Rwanda, ensuring swift action should the peace agreement collapse. | |
| Country: | Nigeria |
| Topic: | Topic 3 |
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| Country: | Pakistan |
| Topic: | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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| The violent fallout of the disintegration of Yugoslavia has resulted in the necessity of Global
peacekeeping initiatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The United Nations Protections Force
(UNPROFOR) requires continued support and expansion if the international community
wishes to bolster headway towards peace in the region. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan
refuses to sit idly by while international disputes become atrocities.
Pakistan supports Resolution 871 to extend the peacekeeping mandate from Resolution 844 in the former Yugoslavia. The enforcement of demilitarized zones should be furthered to prevent future brutality; however, in the event of violence, Pakistan is concerned that the arms embargo originally placed in Resolution 713 will prevent Bosniaks from being able to defend themselves and will further enable Bosnian Serbs to take lethal action against the Bosniaks. The arms embargo disproportionately impacts Bosniak forces because Serb forces have more avenues for weapons acquisition. The international community should re- examine the bounds for which the sanctions are imposed to create an equal playing field between afflicted parties, which in turn will encourage diplomatic peace negotiations. Concurrently, Pakistan supports strengthening sanctions on Serb forces and the newly formed Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which are the perpetrators of the conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Pakistan affirms that the UN Security Council has a responsibility to take action at the onset of international breaches of peace. A concerted effort should be made to increase the capacity of the UNPROFOR to encourage the swift and effective quelling of the situation. Pakistan condemns any violation of the safe areas designated by Resolution 819 and 824. Furthermore, Pakistan supports escalating the involvement of NATO and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) as these international organizations will have a powerful influence over conflict management that doesnât necessitate neutrality. UN Peacekeeping forces should remain neutral parties with the goal of enforcing peace, distributing aid, and protecting safe areas. Pakistan believes it should be of utmost importance for the UN to assist with renegotiating the alliance between the Bosniaks and Bosnian-Croats. It should be a priority to eliminate as many micro-conflicts within the war so that diplomacy between the governments of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia can be more easily achieved. Furthermore, Pakistan supports the territorial integrity of all former Yugoslav nations. Maintaining sovereign borders should be a key commitment for the UN when negotiating peace agreements. At the sunset of the conflict, Pakistan believes it to be imperative that bad actors and war criminals face international scrutiny and prosecution. Furthermore, the international community has a responsibility to aid future rehabilitation and reconciliation efforts. The conflict in the Balkans has taken enough lives. Through the cooperation of the international community against bad actors, Pakistan believes peace accords are well within reach. | |
| Country: | Pakistan |
| Topic: | The Situation in Rwanda |
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| As tensions between ethnic groups grow, Pakistan urges the international community to
accelerate stabilization efforts in Rwanda. The humanitarian toll of this conflict is alarming,
with over a million Rwandans displaced. As a member of the United Nations Security Council
and a nation with a firm commitment to peacekeeping, Pakistan upholds the principles of
sovereignty, conflict resolution through dialogue, and the protection of civilian lives. In
addition to the peacekeeping efforts undertaken by the UN, Pakistan believes that member
states with a greater involvement in the conflict should step up to provide more direct
assistance in suppressing tensions.
Pakistan encourages the Security Council to promptly reexamine the execution of the The Broad-Based Transitional Government (BBTG) as established in the Arusha Accords. The prolonged formation of this transitional government is only igniting greater hostility, and it may be time to facilitate the establishment of a more agreeable path towards peace with the consent of the Rwandan government and the RPF. Pakistan supports Resolution 846 and Resolution 872 and affirms the need for international intervention. Pakistan commends the ongoing monitoring of the ceasefire to help implement peace. Fortunately, the UNAMIR has proven successful so far. If diplomatic efforts within the government continue to be fruitful, Pakistan would support withdrawing peacekeepers from Rwanda to be utilized in other situations. Pakistan believes in expanding the resources and scope of UN peacekeeping operations, as managing multiple situations simultaneously is becoming increasingly challenging given the current limited peacekeeping capacity. Pakistan is calling upon member states to increase the capabilities of the UN peacekeeping force to ensure unilateral respect for humanitarian law. We call for an expansion of peacekeepers on the ground in, with the purpose of protecting civilians and distributing humanitarian aid. Additionally, Pakistan calls for more overall involvement from our similarly geographically situated countries in providing financial assistance as well as peacekeeping troops. The catastrophic humanitarian toll has made it the UNâs responsibility to monitor the situation in Rwanda and ensure a path to peace. | |
| Country: | Pakistan |
| Topic: | The Situation in Somalia |
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| In a country facing complete anarchy and chaos to the point where aid agencies, expatriates,
and foreign embassies are unable to operate, Pakistan believes it is our place to take charge
in working towards a solution to this conflict. Especially given the large Pakistani population
residing in Somalia.
Pakistan recognizes and encourages the development of past resolutions that have contributed to the country's growth, such as Resolution 794, which led to the deployment of 3,500 personnel, and acknowledges the work that this committee has done to reach our shared goal of peace. Pakistan acknowledges that this conflict affects all of our countries; however, we stress that the state of Pakistan is heavily linked to the state of Somalia, given the close geopolitical, economic, and historical ties that the countries have, in addition to the numerous Pakistani lives that have been lost as a direct result of the conflict. Pakistan believes that the March 3, 1992, ceasefire, in partnership with Resolutions 886 and 814, is a mere stepping stone that must be built upon to resolve this conflict effectively. It is for this reason that Pakistan urges an expansion of the personnel sent under the United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM) II by all member states, as outlined in Resolution 886 from 1993, to strengthen the support of personnel. We urge this in light of the attacks on UNOSOM as addressed in Resolution 885 and given the mission of the UNOSOM task force to begin with, the operation wonât truly be complete until the goals of restoring law and order, disarming factions, and assisting in the formation of a transitional government have been truly and utterly fulfilled. Recognizing the crucial role that the 1992 ceasefire has played in slowing down the conflict and allowing limited aid into the country for the first time in years. Pakistan believes that we must continue to invest and support this agreement, given that the expansion of aid and troops is not possible without this continuing commitment to the ceasefire agreement. A diplomatic solution to secure peace is within sight, so long as the international community commits to investing in the future of growth and unity. | |
| Country: | Russian Federation |
| Topic: | The Situation in Somalia |
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| As a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and heir to the former Soviet Union, the Russian Federation has always valued peace and security in the face of extremist militant groups, but recognises that situations have changed. The United Nations mission to Somalia named UNOSOM II, while important, distracts from other important matters, such as the current crisis in Yugoslavia. The Russian Federation generally stands by the Security Council and the greater UN bodyâs decisions regarding the current situation in Somalia. In particular, the Russian Federation supports arms embargoes, humanitarian assistance, and if necessary direct intervention to make sure that everything stays within bounds. It is also important to recognize the African Union as a body to interact with when considering potential peacekeeping operations, to make sure that all operations are within bounds and stem from the goodwill of peacekeeping. The Russian Federation also pledges humanitarian aid and assistance through existing methods, and will support whatever other assistance is called for in further resolutions.
The Russian Federation supports all resolutions regarding peacekeeping in the affected area, and has been a key signatory on many of them, including but not limited to: Resolution 733 calling for a direct embargo on all weapons entering Somalia, Resolution 794 authorizing use of all necessary means for maintaining a peaceful area, Resolution 837, calling for an international tribunal for groups and individuals that led an attack on UN peacekeepers, and Resolution 886, calling for a renewal of the United Nations Operation In Somalia (UNOSOM). | |
| Country: | Russian Federation |
| Topic: | The Situation in Rwanda |
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| As a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and the heir to the former Soviet Union, the Russian Federation has consistently upheld the approach to international crises through the strictest principles of sovereignty, multilateral cooperation, and adherence to the UN Charter. The Russian Federation views the growing violence in Rwanda as a serious humanitarian crisis that needs swift but coordinated international action. As the Russian Federation, we believe that peacekeeping must function in accordance with established principles, including the consent of the parties involved, sufficient funding, and a clear mandate. Organizing an assistance mission for Rwanda and imposing an arms embargo are essential for maintaining peace and stability in the region. It is also important to emphasize the need to work with the Organization of African Unity as well as the neighboring member-states of Rwanda, because African-led political solutions are vital to restoring the peace. Along with calling for an end to the violence and adhering to international humanitarian law, the Russian Federation also pledges humanitarian aid to Rwanda through existing UN institutions.
The Russian Federation reaffirms its commitment to the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, ratified by the Soviet Union, as a cornerstone of our foreign policy regarding mass violence. Russia strongly condemns any and all attempts to resolve the situation in Rwanda using force. It calls for an immediate ceasefire, encourages discussion on the conflict, and acknowledges respect for human life. The Rwandan crisis highlights the urgent need for the UN to take collective action that must adhere to international law and the Security Councilâs role in preserving security throughout the world. | |
| Country: | Russian Federation |
| Topic: | Topic 3 |
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| Country: | Rwanda |
| Topic: | Peacekeeping and the United Nations |
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| The Republic of Rwanda is highly concerned with the ongoing conflict between our
established government and the rebel insurgents of the Rwandan Patriotic Force (RPF).
Amid this chaos, we want to reassure the international community that our priorities lie
with the well-being of our citizens. Thus, we appreciate the Security Councilâs efforts to
ensure this conflict does not escalate to involve other state actors. The nature of the war
changing in this aspect would certainly put more Rwandan lives at risk. In this regard, we
support the United Nations Observer Mission (in) Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR).
Furthermore, we request that the Security Council oversee United Nations Assistance
Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) peacekeepers in a manner that keeps their actions neutral,
so as to respect the nature of the peace accords that brought them to Rwanda in the first
place. The Republic of Rwanda does not wish to see these peacekeepers used as RPF
auxiliary troops.
We wish to emphasize to the international community that this is an ethnic civil war perpetrated by a once-ruling-minority-group. To alleviate the economic, social, and political pressures this war has put on our country, the Republic of Rwanda, mainly recognized by the National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), has agreed with the Rwandan Patriotic Force (RPF) to a joint ceasefire, mediated by Tanzania, and conceived in Arusha. The Republic of Rwanda welcomes this ceasefire and the end of RPF aggression, which has caused the displacement of nearly one million Rwandan citizens. The Republic of Rwanda sees this ceasefire as a perfect means to deal with intrastate conflict as long as UNAMIR troops remain neutral. As the vote to renew UNAMIR approaches (set for April 1994), the Republic of Rwanda and other Security Council members must reconcile the changing role of the Security Council. From 1988 to 1994, the number of peacekeepers on mission increased by 7.5 times the original figure. This drastic increase signifies the expansion of the Security Councilâs jurisprudence in international affairs, whether it was warranted or not. As a country in active conflict playing host to multiple peacekeeping missions, we ask that Member-States of the Security Council carefully consider the sovereignty and rights of Nation-States involved in conflicts where peacekeeping missions are present. The Republic of Rwanda sees the pathway to peace; therefore, we request that the Security Council not renew UNAMIR in April. | |
| Country: | Rwanda |
| Topic: | Rwandan Genocide |
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| The Republic of Rwanda stands before the international community burdened by a history of deep ethnic divisions between the Hutu and the Tutsi, and tragic violence that has recently escalated into full-blown genocide. Our nation has long struggled under tensions between the Hutu majority and the Tutsi minority, tensions that were amplified by decades of colonialism under Belgian rule, and post-independence political instability. Since the early 1990s, Rwanda has endured a brutal civil war, sparked by the invasion of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), which has worsened internal divisions and left countless civilians displaced. Despite our efforts to pursue peace through the Arusha Accords of 1993, violence and distrust have continued to spread. On April 6, 1994, the assassination of President Juvénal Habyarimana and the Burundian President marked a catastrophic turning point in this conflict, unleashing waves of mass killings across the country. What followed was a systematic campaign of slaughter, targeting Tutsis and moderate Hutus, carried out with alarming speed and coordination. In mere months, hundreds of thousands of lives have been lost, and entire communities have been destroyed by this senseless violence. Our government, overwhelmed by internal chaos and the militias, has failed to halt the atrocities or maintain order. Meanwhile, the international community has largely stood by during this crisis, withdrawing peacekeeping forces rather than reinforcing them, ultimately leaving Rwanda abandoned in our darkest hour. As of today in 1994, Rwanda faces a crisis that threatens not only the survival of our people but the very future of our nation and our leadership, and we appeal urgently to the U.N. for recognition, action, and support. | |
| Country: | Rwanda |
| Topic: | Topic 3 |
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| Not assigned | |
| Country: | United Kingdom |
| Topic: | United Nations response to mass murder, genocide, and other significant acts of aggression |
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| The United Kingdom believes that all tools of the United Nations should be exhausted to
bring a peaceful solution to all conflicts. In situations where all peaceful means of conflict
resolution have been exhausted, it is the duty of the United Nations to act accordingly to
preserve life and sovereignty. First and foremost, the United Nations must guarantee the
self-determination of all people, free from threats to their security. It is furthermore the
belief of the United Kingdom that the United Nations should take appropriate action to
guarantee the health and welfare of the people of this Earth. The responsibility rests on
the United Nations not only to curtail not just the spread of violence and cruelty, but also
the spread of general human suffering. While peace and prosperity are not completely
assured in the world, it is the responsibility of the United Nations to protect the ability to
obtain these ideals for those around the globe.
The United Kingdom believes that when met with unrelenting and unprecedented force against civilians, the authorization of force against those responsible is necessary. Suffering at the hands of those who commit genocide, terrorism, and crimes against humanity should not be tolerated and met with opposition. It is the mission of the United Nations to assist those who are the most vulnerable among us and to assist in providing them with their basic rights to survive. In the absence of a resolution to a situation where those committing acts of barbarism do not cease, it is the duty of the United Nations to use physical force to prevent violence and oppression. There are certain situations where those who oppose the very foundations of the United Nations will not heed our demands. Whether it be in the Middle East, Africa, or Eastern Europe, it is the responsibility of the United Nations to prevent suffering caused by any actor, state, or non-state, vast or small, as that is the very nature of the organization. | |
| Country: | United Kingdom |
| Topic: | Addressing ongoing tribal and ethnic tension and conflicts |
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| In the context of current international crises concerning tribal and ethnic tensions in both Europe and Africa, it is the opinion of the United Kingdom that, should these conflicts not find a peaceful resolution, physical enforcement of peace may become necessary. It is the responsibility of the United Nations to guarantee peace and security for the peoples of the world, even when in conflict. Actors who perpetrate crimes against civilians due to ethnic tensions should not be tolerated. It is the responsibility of the larger world through the United Nations to take action against those responsible, whether that be financial, diplomatic, economic, or kinetic. It is a stain on the United Nations to allow such things as genocide to be committed as the world watches. | |
| Country: | United Kingdom |
| Topic: | Addressing the potential instability to global order caused by rouge states and actors |
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| In the context of rogue states and those who seek to oppose the global order, the United Kingdom believes it is essential for the United Nations to respond to any acts of aggression. As we have seen in the past, allowing rogue states to dictate terms is unacceptable. When these regimes are allowed to commit mass murder, genocide, and institute chaos around the globe, the order of states that the United Nations is built on is under threat. It is incorrect to assume that another policy of appeasement would quench the thirst for rogue states to create instability. These actors only wish to create chaos that divides the United Nations and causes us to fight amongst ourselves. If a rogue actor or state seeks to secede from the global order and violate the norms set by the United Nations, then it is only reasonable to respond fully to acts of aggression. The United Kingdom seeks a peaceful world where the United Nations plays a pivotal role in improving international relations around the globe. | |
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